The concept of healthcare is ancient irrespective of color, caste, creed, race, religion or geographical distribution of human beings. The present era has witnessed many cultural and traditional gyrations and upheavals. Most of the ancient values have been declared as outdated or backward and newer and newer values are accepted as modern or advanced. Many feel that health is one of the basic and fundamental human rights. The Constitution of India recognizes the health of an individual as a fundamental right. India is a signatory to the Alma-Ata declaration of 1978, which indicates India’s commitment to the goal of “Health for All by the 2000 AD.” 1 This has prompted the government to start many health-related services or schemes to fill up the “Health gaps.” The concept of “an acceptable level of health that will enable every individual to lead a socially and economically productive life” came in existence. The healthcare or medical education was practiced as an art in the past. Presently,the medical education is practiced as a science but many of us are now practicing it as a commercial venture. Medicine will continue to evolve so long as man’s quest for better health continues.

Background: Role of medical education at the undergraduate level hasbeenconsidered of utmost importance as it sows the seeds on which the foundations of a budding doctor are built. Need of the public health competencies among medical graduates is important because these will enable them to provide primary healthcare to the community. Aims and Objectives: To identify various competenciesthat are needed in community medicine and to assess the competencies developed among undergraduate medical students after field posting in community medicine. Methodology: 30 faculty members across the country were sent an open-ended questionnaire to list out core competencies needed for undergraduate medical studentsin communitymedicine. On the basis of competencieslistsuggestedby faculty members, a self-appraisal questionnaire was designed and distributed to students studying in 4/5 semester and 6/7 semester and also to one batch of students after completion of field posting in community medicine in a medical college in New Delhi. During the study period, a total of three batches were covered where 118 students from 4/5 semesters and 109 students from 6/7 semesters completed their questionnaires. Allstudents who had completed their questionnaires were included in the study and for analysis. Fromone batch consisting of 38 students of 7 semester,preand post-field posting competencies were assessed.

Introduction: Psychopathy is associated with criminal behaviors and is linked to violent recidivism. Birth order, family size, educational attainment and substance abuse influence psychopathic traits and it remains to be examined if these factors also have an effect on violent recidivism. VRAG (Violent Risk Appraisal Guide) is an actuarial risk assessment instrument that is intended to estimate violent recidivism in the forensic psychiatric subjects. Aim: To predict violent recidivism and examine its association with psychopathy and factors such as birth order, educational attainment, sib-size, age of the prison inmate and age at offence in the mentally ill prisoners in an Indian sample in Mysore Central Prison. Method: The VRAG test was administered on a sample of 15 prisoners who were diagnosed mentally ill. All data were entered into SPSSw18 and analyzed using Pearson correlation test for correlation between variables. Results: PCL-R (Hare’s Psychopathy Checklist-Revised) score did not show any association with violent recidivism predicted by VRAG instrument. Birth order did have an association with predicted score of violent recidivism (r=-0.608, p=0.036). There was also a correlation between the commissions of non-violent offenses with predicted VRAG scores of violent recidivism (r=0.61, p=0.046). Size of female siblings had a moderating effect on re-offense (r=-0.694, p=0.012). Both educational attainment and sib-size are associated with early criminal violence(r=-0.59, p=0.04 for both). Sib-size is negatively correlated with educational attainment (-0.715, p=0.09)

Introduction: Teaching and learning in medical education has always been challenging for medical educators. There are various teaching and learning methods used in medical education with inherent strengths and limitations of each method. This study was aimed to assess the effectiveness of peer-assisted learning (PAL) and lecture method in medical students in a teaching hospital in Delhi. Materials and Methods: An intervention comparative study was conducted to assess the effect of PAL as compared to conventional lecture method among undergraduate medical students. Out of 250 students, only one batch of 50 was selected for the intervention. The students of the same batch were taught two different topics in community medicine - occupational health and malaria.Occupationalhealthwastaught using lecture as a teachingmethod. Malaria wastaught using assisted-learningmethod where groups of students were told to prepare and discuss among themselves. Ten multiple-choice questions were prepared on each topic for evaluation of theirlearning in cognitive domain. Scores were calculated before and after the interventions and compared. Paired t-test was used in pre-and post-interventionscoreswhereas between the two methods scores, Mann Whitney U test was used.

Background and Objectives: (a) To compare manual tangent screen perimetry and automated Humphrey perimetry for visual field testing, and (b) to analyze whether manual tangent screen perimetry still has a role or it should be replaced by computerized automatedHumphrey perimetry in physiology labsandclinicaldiagnostic settings. Methods: Study was done on 45 patients between 18 and 65 years of age that included 30 eyes of patients suffering from glaucoma/ other eye diseases giving rise to visual field defects, 5 eyes of patients suffering from neurological diseases and 10 eyes of normal subjects. All patients underwent perimetry examination by tangent screen at 1 meter distance (and 2 meter distance, if required) and automated Humphrey perimetry by Humphrey visual field analyzer (HFA) using 30-2 ‘white on white’ full threshold strategy. Tangent screen consists of black screen 2 metersquare or 1 metersquare. Accordingly, patient is seated at a distance of 2 meter or 1 meter respectively. A patient with organically constricted visual fields willshow an increase in the size of the visual field whenmoved to a farther distance while a patient with functional visual field loss will oftenreportthe same absolute size of the field (tubular or gun-barrel field) to be consistent with their first field. This is clear evidence of functional visual field impairment.

Introduction: Halitosis is a very common problem and is experienced by majority of the population, but few persons perceive this problem whereas they actually do not suffer from it. Halitosis not only becomes a disease but also poses a social and psychological problem. Objective: To ascertain the prevalence of halitosis, document various measures to control halitosis and to validate an instrument used to measure the levels of halitosis against self-perceived levels of halitosis among school children. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a senior secondary school of Panchkula (Haryana). Data was collected using selfstructured questionnaires that consisted of items on knowledge and perceptions on halitosis. An instrument was used to measure and compare levels of halitosis. Results: Majority of the subjects experienced self-perceived halitosis, among which 61% rated their problem of halitosis as weak, and 9% as intense. 34.3% associated their problem of halitosis with dental caries. 38.7% thought that halitosis was due to their problem of bleeding gums, whereas 18.9% associated their problem with food lodgment. Majority of subjects, i.e., 33% practiced flossing to eliminate bad breath, followed by 24% subjects who went in for scaling and curettage, followed by 20% who used tongue scrapers, followed by 15% who went in for restorative treatment for dental caries, followed by 8% who used interdental brushes.

The interscalene block (ISB) is a regularly used anaesthesia technique for most of surgeries done on the upper limbs and shoulder. Overall, it is considered safe but it may be associated with common complications like Horner’s syndrome, phrenic nerve block, hoarseness, etc., and rare but serious complications like extensive neuroaxial blocks, intravascular injection and systemic toxicity. These are associated with respiratory arrest and loss of consciousness. 1 If ISB is given after general anaesthesia, loss of spinal cord function can occur if local anesthetic is injected in the spinal cord. 2 In this article, we will be presenting a probable sudden subdural block, which is different from the slow subdural block, which has been reported before3 as a possible complication of ISB.

Health for all shall remain a mirage till the gap of health professional and population remains high. To meet this goal, not only the number but also the quality of Indian medical graduates needs to be re-looked. There are many problems associated with undergraduate curriculum. In a MCI revised basic course workshop in medical education technologies for MEU coordinators/ MEU co-cordinators and MEU resource faculty, a group discussion was organized at Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi. In the discussion, following hindrances were identified with possible suggestions to improve the standard of medical education in India: